• Asavari Kamerkar, Justin Hotz, Rica Morzov, Newth Christopher J L CJL Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Pediatrics, University , Patrick A Ross, and Robinder G Khemani.
• Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
• J. Pediatr. 2017 Jun 1; 185: 26-32.e3.

ObjectiveTo directly compare effort of breathing between high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), nasal intermittent mechanical ventilation (NIMV), and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP).Study DesignThis was a single center prospective cross-over study for patients <6 months in the cardiothoracic or pediatric intensive care unit receiving nasal noninvasive respiratory support after extubation. We measured effort of breathing using esophageal manometry with pressure-rate product (PRP) on all 3 modes. NIMV synchrony was determined by comparing patient efforts (esophageal manometry) with mechanically delivered breaths (spirometry in ventilator circuit). On NIMV, PRP and synchrony was also measured after adding a nasal clip on 26 patients.ResultsForty-two children were included. Median (IQR) age was 2 (0.5, 4) months. There was no difference in median PRP between HFNC 6 liters per minute, 355 (270,550), NIMV 12/5 cm H2O, 341 (235, 472), and NCPAP 5 cm H2O, 340 (245,506) (P?=?.33). Results were similar regardless of HFNC flow rate or NIMV inspiratory pressure. Median PRP on CPAP of 5 cm H2O prior to extubation 255 (176, 375) was significantly lower than all postextubation values (P??.07)). However, as NIMV synchrony improved (>60%), PRP on NIMV was lower than on HFNC.ConclusionsFor infants, effort of breathing is similar on HFNC, NIMV, and NCPAP after extubation, regardless of flow rate or inspiratory pressure. We speculate that bi-level NIMV may be superior if high levels of synchrony can be achieved.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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