• Hansen Deng, John K Yue, Ethan A Winkler, Sanjay S Dhall, Geoffrey T Manley, and Phiroz E Tarapore.
• 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
• J. Neurotrauma. 2019 Jan 15; 36 (2): 322-337.

AbstractCivilian firearm injury is an important public health concern in the United States. Gunshot wounds to the head (GSWH) remain in need of update and systematic characterization. We identify predictors of prolonged hospital length of stay (HLOS), intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS), medical complications, mortality, and discharge disposition from a population-based sample using the National Sample Program (NSP) of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), years 2003-2012. Statistical significance was assessed at α < 0.001 to correct for multiple comparisons. In total, 8148 adult GSWH patients were included extrapolating to 32,439 national incidents. Age was 36.6 ± 16.4 years and 64.4% were severe traumatic brain injury (TBI; Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 3-8). Assault (49.2%), handgun (50.3%), and residential injury (43.2%) were of highest incidence. HLOS and ICU LOS were 7.7 ± 14.2 and 5.7 ± 13.4 days, respectively. Overall mortality was 54.6%; suicide/self-injury was associated with the highest mortality rate (71.6%). GCS, Injury Severity Score, and hypotension were significant predictors for outcomes overall. Medicare/Medicaid patients had longer HLOS compared to private/commercial insured (mean increase, 4.4 days; 95% confidence interval [2.6-6.3]). Compared to the Midwest, the South had longer HLOS (mean increase, 3.7 days; [2.0-5.4]) and higher odds of complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.7 [1.4-2.0]); the West had lower odds of complications (OR, 0.6; [0.5-0.7]). Versus handgun, shotgun (OR, 0.3; [0.2-0.4]) and hunting rifle (OR, 0.5; [0.4-0.8]) resulted in lower mortality. Patients with government/other insurance had higher odds of discharging home compared to private/commercially insured (OR, 1.7; [1.3-2.3]). In comparison to level I trauma centers, level II trauma centers had lower odds of discharge to home (OR, 0.7; [0.5-0.8]). Our results support hypotension, injury severity, injury intent, firearm type, and U.S. geographical location as important prognostic variables in firearm-related TBI. Improved understanding of civilian GSWH is critical to promoting increased awareness of firearm injuries as a public health concern and reducing its debilitating injury burden to patients, families, and healthcare systems.

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