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Scand J Trauma Resus · Nov 2018
Observational StudyTraumatic brain injury is associated with increased syndecan-1 shedding in severely injured patients.
- Gonzalez RodriguezErikaE0000-0003-1401-8925Center for Translational Injury Research (CeTIR), Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.204, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. Erika.r.gonzalez@uth.t, Jessica C Cardenas, Charles S Cox, Ryan S Kitagawa, Jakob Stensballe, John B Holcomb, Pär I Johansson, and Charles E Wade.
- Center for Translational Injury Research (CeTIR), Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.204, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. Erika.r.gonzalez@uth.tmc.edu.
- Scand J Trauma Resus. 2018 Nov 21; 26 (1): 102102.
IntroductionHead injury and exsanguination are the leading causes of death in trauma patients. Hemorrhagic shock triggers systemic endothelial glycocalyx breakdown, potentially leading to traumatic endotheliopathy (EoT). Levels of syndecan-1, a main glycocalyx component, have been used to assess the integrity of the glycocalyx. In TBI patients, it remains unclear whether syndecan-1 shedding occurs and its correlation with outcomes. We aimed to determine the frequency of EoT+, defined as a syndecan-1 level of 40 ng/ml or higher, after TBI in isolated and polytraumatic injury. We also investigated how the presence of EoT+ affected outcomes in TBI patients.MethodsSeverely injured trauma patients were enrolled. From blood samples collected upon patients' arrival to the hospital, we measured syndecan-1 (main biomarker of EoT+), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM, endothelial activation) adrenaline and noradrenaline (sympathoadrenal activation), and assessed TBI patients' coagulation capacity.ResultsOf the enrolled patients (n = 331), those with TBI and polytrauma (n = 68) had the highest rate of EoT+ compared to isolated TBI (n = 58) and Non-TBI patients (n = 205) (Polytrauma-TBI 55.9% vs. Isolated-TBI 20.0% vs. non-TBI polytrauma 40.0%; p = 0.001). TBI patients with EoT+ exhibited marked increases in sTM, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels, and physiological and coagulation derangements. In isolated TBI patients, increasing syndecan-1 levels (β for every 10 ng/ml increase: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.26) and hypocoagulability were negatively associated with survival.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of syndecan-1 shedding after TBI supporting the notion that breakdown of the glycocalyx contributes to the physiological derangements after TBI.
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