• Arthur Hosmann, Alexander Micko, Josa M Frischer, Thomas Roetzer, Greisa Vila, Stefan Wolfsberger, and Engelbert Knosp.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
• World Neurosurg. 2019 Jun 1; 126: e723-e730.

ObjectivePituitary apoplexy is a rare but potentially life-threatening disorder that occurs in up to 10% of adenomas. Whereas risk factors for the initial hemorrhagic event are well described, there is minor knowledge on clinical symptomatic recurrent pituitary apoplexies.MethodsAt the Medical University of Vienna, 76 patients were surgically treated for clinical symptomatic pituitary apoplexy between 1990 and 2017. Four patients (5.3%) suffered multiple pituitary apoplexies after initial surgery. In this retrospective study, neuroradiologic images, clinical data, and intraoperative findings were reviewed for potential risk factors of multiple apoplexies in pituitary adenomas.ResultsPatients with multiple apoplexies had significantly higher Knosp grading on preoperative imaging (median grade 4), and more frequently observed cavernous sinus invasion intraoperatively (P = 0.01). Consequently, all cases with multiple pituitary apoplexies remained with residual adenoma postoperatively. In cases of residual tumor within the cavernous sinus, recurrent apoplexy occurred in 23.5% of patients. A tumor recurrence/residual was resected significantly earlier in patients with single apoplexy (median 2.2 years) than in patients with multiple apoplexies (median 5.4 years; P = 0.05). Multiple pituitary apoplexies caused significantly greater rates of ophthalmoplegia (75% vs. 14.1%; P = 0.01) and long-term hormone-replacement therapy was necessary in all cases.ConclusionsCavernous sinus invasion and subtotal resection are high risk factors for multiple apoplexies in pituitary adenomas. Early treatment is recommended for residual tumor in the cavernous sinus to minimize the risk of recurrent apoplexy with subsequent worse clinical outcome.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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