• Masaki Kitajima and Yoshiki Hiki.
• International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, 1-4-3 Mita Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan. kitajima@iuhw.ac.jp
• Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2010 Apr 1; 395 Suppl 1: 57-67.

IntroductionJapan's first encounter with Western Medicine was in 1543. Japanese doctors were introduced to surgical treatment by Portuguese missionaries who visited Japan mainly to propagate Christianity and trade with Japan. Until that time, Japanese doctors have treated internal diseases by using mainly traditional Chinese medicine and had not experienced modern Western medicine, particularly surgery.DiscussionIn 1639, the Tokugawa shogunate issued the policy of seclusion (national isolation policy) and prohibited contacts with foreign countries except the Netherlands and China. All European culture came into Japan through Dutch traders. Japanese doctors studied medical books written in Dutch, but could not imagine that the original versions had been written by German doctors. Japanese doctors who studied Dutch medicine founded private schools in various places nationwide, prompting the development of Western medicine. In 1868 the Edo shogunate collapsed, and the newly established Meiji government opened Japan to the rest of the world. In an effort to introduce European civilization, which had been closed to the Japanese under the 250 years, the Meiji government followed Western styles when framing policy and building social systems. In terms of medicine, for the sake of reaching the world's highest level, the government decided to learn from Germans. Many of the young Japanese doctors travelled to Germany. However, as a world war loomed ahead, interchange with foreign countries became difficult. Peace was threatened, and even the progress of science was impeded. Although the United States led the world in the medical field, some Japanese doctors still studied in Germany after World War II to learn their medical traditions and look at the starting point of clinical medicine; and they continued the interchange between Japan and Germany. While continuing active relationship, in 1990, the German and Japanese Surgical Societies was established, and planned to hold a triennial joint meeting alternately in Germany and Japan.ConclusionEver since the Meiji government decided to learn medicine in German, it has been a status symbol and a dream for Japanese medical scientists to submit papers to German academic journals, particularly Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. Surprisingly, 125 years ago, Dr. Hashimoto had already reported on the surgical treatment, and six other papers were submitted by some Japanese surgeons in its early period. I hope that surgeons in Germany and Japan, both of which have an over 300-year history, will work hard and maintain scientific exchange while learning from each other's strong points.

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