• Robert Belknap, David Holland, Pei-Jean Feng, Joan-Pau Millet, Joan A Caylà, Neil A Martinson, Alicia Wright, Michael P Chen, Ruth N Moro, Nigel A Scott, Bert Arevalo, José M Miró, Margarita E Villarino, Marc Weiner, Andrey S Borisov, and TB Trials Consortium iAdhere Study Team.
• From Denver Health and Hospital Authority and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado; Emory University and Fulton County Department of Health and Wellness, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Public Health Agency of Barcelona and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Westat, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and University of Texas Health Science Center and Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas.
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2017 Nov 21; 167 (10): 689-697.

BackgroundExpanding latent tuberculosis treatment is important to decrease active disease globally. Once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine for 12 doses is effective but limited by requiring direct observation.ObjectiveTo compare treatment completion and safety of once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine by self-administration versus direct observation.DesignAn open-label, phase 4 randomized clinical trial designed as a noninferiority study with a 15% margin. Seventy-five percent or more of study patients were enrolled from the United States for a prespecified subgroup analysis. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01582711).SettingOutpatient tuberculosis clinics in the United States, Spain, Hong Kong, and South Africa.Participants1002 adults (aged ≥18 years) recommended for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection.InterventionParticipants received once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine by direct observation, self-administration with monthly monitoring, or self-administration with weekly text message reminders and monthly monitoring.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was treatment completion, defined as 11 or more doses within 16 weeks and measured using clinical documentation and pill counts for direct observation, and self-reports, pill counts, and medication event-monitoring devices for self-administration. The main secondary outcome was adverse events.ResultsMedian age was 36 years, 48% of participants were women, and 77% were enrolled at the U.S. sites. Treatment completion was 87.2% (95% CI, 83.1% to 90.5%) in the direct-observation group, 74.0% (CI, 68.9% to 78.6%) in the self-administration group, and 76.4% (CI, 71.3% to 80.8%) in the self-administration-with-reminders group. In the United States, treatment completion was 85.4% (CI, 80.4% to 89.4%), 77.9% (CI, 72.7% to 82.6%), and 76.7% (CI, 70.9% to 81.7%), respectively. Self-administered therapy without reminders was noninferior to direct observation in the United States; no other comparisons met noninferiority criteria. A few drug-related adverse events occurred and were similar across groups.LimitationPersons with latent tuberculosis infection enrolled in South Africa would not routinely be treated programmatically.ConclusionThese results support using self-administered, once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine to treat latent tuberculosis infection in the United States, and such treatment could be considered in similar settings when direct observation is not feasible.Primary Funding SourceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.

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