• Guan-Yu Zhu, Ying-Chuan Chen, Ting-Ting Du, De-Feng Liu, Xin Zhang, Yu-Ye Liu, Tian-Shuo Yuan, Lin Shi, and Jian-Guo Zhang.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
• Neuromodulation. 2019 Jun 1; 22 (4): 441-450.

ObjectivesDeep brain stimulation (DBS) and stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode implantation are the most important and frequent manipulations in nonhuman primates (NHP) neuromodulation research. However, traditional methods tend to be arduous and inaccurate.Materials And MethodsTwelve adult male rhesus monkeys were selected for the study, with six subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS, six anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) DBS and six hippocampus-SEEG (Hippo-SEEG) electrodes implantation. Mean Euclidean errors of entrance and the target were calculated by postoperative image fusion, and the correlation between entrance and target error, as well as the differences among the various manipulations, were analyzed. The accuracy of target was further confirmed by gross anatomy examination. Moreover, the time consumption was recorded.ResultsThe mean (±SD) Euclidean errors of the target point and entry point of the three manipulations were STN-DBS: 1.05 ± 0.54 mm and 0.52 ± 0.17 mm; ANT-DBS: 1.12 ± 0.74 mm and 0.58 ± 0.24 mm; and Hippo-SEEG: 2.68 ± 1.03 mm and 1.47 ± 0.63 mm. Significant differences were observed in both target and entry point errors between the DBS and Hippo-SEEG groups, with superior accuracy in the DBS group. The entrance errors had a significantly positive correlation with the target errors in the STN-DBS and Hippo-SEEG groups. Moreover, the time consumption in robotic surgery was much shorter than that in the traditional method, without any severe complications.ConclusionThe application of robot-assisted lead implantation in NHP neuromodulation research is feasible, accurate, safe, and efficient, and can prospectively be beneficial to neurological studies.© 2019 International Neuromodulation Society.

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