• M Küllmar and A Zarbock.
• Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
• Anaesthesist. 2019 Jul 1; 68 (7): 485-496.

BackgroundThe incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) has increased over the last decades. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is increasingly being used. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines define AKI by serum creatinine (SCr) elevation and decrease in urinary output (UO) and suggest prevention strategies and recommendations on the management of RRT. Treatment options are limited and RRT remains the gold standard as supportive treatment but implies a substantial escalation of treatment. With respect to the indications and management of RRT, there are only a few evidence-based recommendations.ObjectiveThis review summarizes the clinical relevance of AKI and presents the most important aspects on the indications and implementation of RRT.Material And MethodsThe available evidence is summarized based on the current literature.ResultsImplementation of the KDIGO bundles to prevent AKI in high-risk patients reduces the incidence of AKI. In the absence of absolute indications, the evidence-based recommendations on when to initiate RRT are limited and controversial. Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) procedures can be considered as complementary therapeutic strategies. The CRRT is recommended in hemodynamically unstable patients. Regional citrate anticoagulation is the recommended anticoagulation in CRRT. The optimal effluent dose is effectively 20-25 ml/kg body weight and hour. Spontaneous diuresis is a best predictor of successful cessation of RRT.ConclusionRisk identification and prevention of AKI are essential. In the absence of absolute indications, initiation and accomplishment of RRT should be patient-adapted and carried out in the clinical context. Newly developed biomarkers could be helpful in the future for a better estimation of the prognosis and for a more precise definition of therapeutic strategies of RRT.

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