• Konstantinos K Tsilidis, John C Kasimis, David S Lopez, Evangelia E Ntzani, and John P A Ioannidis.
• Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, 45110, Greece Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK ktsilidi@cc.uoi.gr.
• BMJ. 2015 Jan 1;350:g7607.

ObjectivesTo summarise the evidence and evaluate the validity of the associations between type 2 diabetes and the risk of developing or dying from cancer.DesignAn umbrella review of the evidence across meta-analyses of observational studies of type 2 diabetes with risk of developing or dying from any cancer.Data SourcesPubMed, Embase, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and manual screening of references.Eligibility CriteriaMeta-analyses or systematic reviews of observational studies in humans that examined the association between type 2 diabetes and risk of developing or dying from cancer.ResultsEligible meta-analyses assessed associations between type 2 diabetes and risk of developing cancer in 20 sites and mortality for seven cancer sites. The summary random effects estimates were significant at P=0.05 in 20 meta-analyses (74%); and all reported increased risks of developing cancer for participants with versus without diabetes. Of the 27 meta-analyses, eventually only seven (26%) compiled evidence on more than 1000 cases, had significant summary associations at P ≤ 0.001 for both random and fixed effects calculations, and had neither evidence of small study effects nor evidence for excess significance. Of those, only six (22%) did not have substantial heterogeneity (I(2)>75%), pertaining to associations between type 2 diabetes and risk of developing breast, cholangiocarcinoma (both intrahepatic and extrahepatic), colorectal, endometrial, and gallbladder cancer. The 95% prediction intervals excluded the null value for four of these associations (breast, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal, and endometrial cancer).ConclusionsThough type 2 diabetes has been extensively studied in relation to risk of developing cancer and cancer mortality and strong claims of significance exist for most of the studied associations, only a minority of these associations have robust supporting evidence without hints of bias.© Tsilidis et al 2014.

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