• Rodney A Gabriel, Matthew W Swisher, Jacklynn F Sztain, Timothy J Furnish, Brian M Ilfeld, and Engy T Said.
• a Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA.
• Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Jun 1; 20 (8): 949-961.

IntroductionThere are various important implications associated with poorly controlled postoperative pain in the adult surgical patient - this includes cardiopulmonary complications, opioid-related side effects, unplanned hospital admissions, prolonged hospital stay, and the subsequent development of chronic pain or opioid addiction. With the ongoing national opioid crisis, it is imperative that perioperative providers implement pathways for surgical patients that reduce opioid requirements and pain-related complications. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the components of a multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia pathway as it pertains to the perioperative environment. Medications reviewed include gabapentinoids, acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ketamine, intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and glucocorticoids. The use of peripheral nerve blocks and neuraxial analgesia are also discussed. Expert opinion: In appropriate cases, regional anesthetic interventions are extremely useful for postoperative analgesia, including peripheral nerve blocks and neuraxial analgesia and while newer postoperative analgesics have been postulated, the literature on such is presently controversial. Coordinated approaches to pain management are recommended to reduce the need for opioids and to improve patient satisfaction post-surgery.

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