• Sophie Hernot, Labrinus van Manen, Pieterjan Debie, Jan Sven David Mieog, and Alexander Lucas Vahrmeijer.
• Laboratory for In-vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: sophie.hernot@vub.be.
• Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jul 1; 20 (7): e354-e367.

AbstractReal-time intraoperative guidance is essential during oncological surgery for complete and safe tumour resection. Fluorescence imaging in the near-infrared spectrum has shown potential for guiding surgeons during complex interventions. Recently, there has been a shift towards the use of fluorescence contrast agents for molecular imaging. The first targeted fluorescent agents, of which most consist of approved therapeutic antibodies conjugated to a fluorescent dye, have been evaluated in several early-phase clinical trials. Moreover, advances in protein engineering and drug design have led to the development of a variety of tracers suitable for molecular fluorescence image-guided surgery. In this Review, we discuss preclinical and clinical evidence, ongoing clinical trials, and the latest developments in the field of molecular near-infrared tracers for fluorescence-guided cancer surgery.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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