• Marius M Hoeper, Vallerie V McLaughlin, Joan Albert Barberá, Adaani E Frost, Hossein-Ardeschir Ghofrani, Andrew J Peacock, Gérald Simonneau, Stephan Rosenkranz, Ronald J Oudiz, R James White, Karen L Miller, Jonathan Langley, Harris Julia H N JHN GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, UK., Christiana Blair, Lewis J Rubin, and Jean-Luc Vachiery.
• Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School and German Centre for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: hoeper.marius@mh-hannover.de.
• Lancet Respir Med. 2016 Nov 1; 4 (11): 894-901.

BackgroundIn treatment-naive patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, initial combination therapy with ambrisentan and tadalafil reduces the risk of clinical failure events compared with monotherapy. We did this secondary analysis to further investigate the effect of combination therapy on survival.MethodsWe analysed survival data from the modified intention-to-treat population of the Ambrisentan and Tadalafil in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (AMBITION) trial. AMBITION was a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study, in which treatment-naive patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension were randomly assigned in a 2:1:1 ratio and received combination therapy with ambrisentan and tadalafil, ambrisentan and placebo, or tadalafil and placebo. We did a prespecified analysis of all mortality events from randomisation to the end of the study, including patients who discontinued their assigned treatment. In a post-hoc analysis, we analysed survival at 7 days after the termination of each individual patient's randomised treatment. We used Cox proportional hazard regression, Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, and the stratified log-rank test to compare the survival of patients receiving initial combination therapy or initial monotherapy.FindingsThe study population consisted of 605 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who were randomly assigned and received combination therapy (n=302) or monotherapy (n=303; 152 patients assigned to ambrisentan monotherapy and 151 patients to tadalafil monotherapy). At the end of the study, 29 (10%) of 302 patients in the combination therapy group had died compared with 41 (14%) of 303 patients in the monotherapy group (hazard ratio 0·67, 95% CI 0·42-1·08; stratified log-rank p=0·10). At 7 days after the end of randomised treatment, fewer patients had died in the combination therapy group (3 [1%] of 302 patients) compared with the monotherapy group (13 [4%] of 303 patients; hazard ratio 0·21, 95% CI 0·06-0·73).InterpretationThese data indicate that initial combination therapy might be associated with a survival advantage compared with initial monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension. This hypothesis needs to be addressed in future studies.FundingGilead, GlaxoSmithKline.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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