• Michael Kraus, Sebastian Weckbach, Almut Jones, Gert Krischak, Florian Gebhard, and Hendrik Schöll.
• Institute of Research in Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Wuhrstrasse 2/1, 88422, Bad Buchau, Germany. kraus@email.de
• Int J Med Robot. 2013 Mar 1; 9 (1): 52-7.

BackgroundComputer assisted systems in orthopaedic trauma depend in most cases on fixed reference markers. This work evaluated a reference-free image-based guidance system. Outcome parameters were the number of trials needed to achieve an optimal wire position, the radiation and procedure time, and the learning curve.MethodsForty artificial proximal femora covered in polyurethane foam were used and randomized in two groups. Each bone was equipped with a target marker at the fovea capitis femoris. Two surgeons each inserted 20 K-wires, 10 with and 10 without assistance from the guidance system. The aim was to bring the tips of the K-wires as close as possible to the target marker. Both procedures were performed under fluoroscopic control. The new guidance system is based on 2D-C-arm images. Following the procedure the result was determined using computed tomography.ResultsThe same accuracy (P = 0.34) was achieved with less time (P = 0.0008) and less radiation (P = 0.0002) with the guidance system. However, use of the guidance system did shorten the learning curve of both surgeons, leading to a reduced number of trials (P <0.0001). The learning curve of both surgeons was strongly correlated. From the first trial, the performance of both surgeons while using the guidance system, improved over their performance without the guidance system.ConclusionsThe guidance system helped to achieve an optimal K-wire position with less radiation and less time. The major advantage is the ability of the guidance system to be integrated into the workflow and the short and flat learning curve.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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