• Yanick Baribeau, Aidan Sharkey, Eitezaz Mahmood, Ruby Feng, Omar Chaudhary, Vincent Baribeau, Feroze Mahmood, Robina Matyal, and Kamal Khabbaz.
• Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
• J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2019 Dec 1; 33 (12): 3469-3475.

AbstractThree-dimensional printing is increasingly used in the health care industry. Making patient-specific anatomic task trainers has been one of the more commonly described uses of this technique specifically, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures on patient-specific models in a nonoperative setting. With regard to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) training, commercially available simulators have been increasingly used. Even though these simulators are haptic in nature and anatomically near realistic, they lack patient specificity and the training of the dynamic workflow and imaging protocol used in the operative setting. Herein a customized pulsatile left-sided heart model that uses patient-specific 3-dimensional printed valves under physiological intracardiac pressures as a TEE task trainer is described. With this model, dynamic patient-specific valvular anatomy can be visualized with actual TEE machines by trainees to familiarize themselves with the surgery equipment and the imaging protocol.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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