• Chiara Robba, Alberto Goffi, Thomas Geeraerts, Danilo Cardim, Gabriele Via, Marek Czosnyka, Soojin Park, Aarti Sarwal, Llewellyn Padayachy, Frank Rasulo, and Giuseppe Citerio.
• Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology, University of Genoa, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 15, 16100, Genoa, Italy. kiarobba@gmail.com.
• Intensive Care Med. 2019 Jul 1; 45 (7): 913-927.

AbstractBrain ultrasonography can be used to evaluate cerebral anatomy and pathology, as well as cerebral circulation through analysis of blood flow velocities. Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography is a generally safe, repeatable, non-invasive, bedside technique that has a strong potential in neurocritical care patients in many clinical scenarios, including traumatic brain injury, aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and the diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest. Furthermore, the clinical applications of this technique may extend to different settings, including the general intensive care unit and the emergency department. Its increasing use reflects a growing interest in non-invasive cerebral and systemic assessment. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the basic and advanced principles underlying brain ultrasonography, and to review the different techniques and different clinical applications of this approach in the monitoring and treatment of critically ill patients.

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