• Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Sadamu Homma, Yoshihisa Namiki, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hiroshi Arakawa, Masato Okamoto, Jianlin Gong, and Hisao Tajiri.
• Shigeo Koido, Toshifumi Ohkusa, Kazuki Takakura, Keisuke Saito, Zensho Ito, Hiroko Kobayashi, Mikio Kajihara, Kan Uchiyama, Seiji Arihiro, Hisao Tajiri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8567, Japan.
• World J. Gastroenterol. 2013 Dec 14; 19 (46): 8531-42.

AbstractThe incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is on the rise, and the prognosis for patients with recurrent or metastatic disease is extremely poor. Although chemotherapy and radiation therapy can improve survival rates, it is imperative to integrate alternative strategies such as immunotherapy to improve outcomes for patients with advanced CRC. In this review, we will discuss the effect of immunotherapy for inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the major immunotherapeutic approaches for CRC that are currently in clinical trials, including peptide vaccines, dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines, whole tumor cell vaccines, viral vector-based cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer therapy, antibody-based cancer immunotherapy, and cytokine therapy. The possibility of combination therapies will also be discussed along with the challenges presented by tumor escape mechanisms.

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