• Iquo N Andrews-Cooper and Sharon L Kozachik.
• Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, NOVA Interventional Pain Management, Edgewood, Maryland. Electronic address: iandrew3@jhu.edu.
• Pain Manag Nurs. 2020 Apr 1; 21 (2): 157-164.

ObjectivesOpioid analgesic misuse and abuse has given rise to an epidemic that has added to an increase in opioid-related overdoses and deaths. Adults with persistent noncancer pain (PNCP) are primarily treated with opioid analgesics. Many remain on these medications long term. Most of these patients are unaware of other effective measures for managing PNCP, such as nonpharmacologic modalities (NPMs). This lack of familiarity with NPMs presents a key contributor to the problem of NPM underuse among adult PNCP patients. This integrative review sought to identify key factors that contribute to NPMs underuse and the effect of education on patients' adoption or use for PNCP management.DesignIntegrative review.Data SourcesA literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane, and hand-searching of the literature published between 2002 and November 2017.Review/Analysis MethodsSystematic screening using the Johns Hopkins Nursing evidence appraisal tools yielded articles that were analyzed and synthesized to identify themes, and patterns.ResultsNineteen research articles were identified with these main themes: NPMs are effective in PNCP management, lack of familiarity with NPMs influences patients' willingness to try them, and access to local NPMs must be addressed to facilitate use.ConclusionsFindings suggest that patient education about NPMs has the potential to motivate patients to try these modalities, which may increase overall use of NPMs for PCNP. Nurses could play a vital role in ensuring evidence-based NPMs are introduced to PNCP patients, which could increase patients' use of these measures and improve outcomes.Copyright © 2019 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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