• Amita Gupta, Grace Montepiedra, Lisa Aaron, Gerhard Theron, Katie McCarthy, Sarah Bradford, Tsungai Chipato, Tichaona Vhembo, Lynda Stranix-Chibanda, Carolyne Onyango-Makumbi, Gaerolwe R Masheto, Avy Violari, Blandina T Mmbaga, Linda Aurpibul, Ramesh Bhosale, Vidya Mave, Vanessa Rouzier, Anneke Hesseling, Katherine Shin, Bonnie Zimmer, Diane Costello, Timothy R Sterling, Nahida Chakhtoura, Patrick Jean-Philippe, Adriana Weinberg, and IMPAACT P1078 TB APPRISE Study Team.
• From the Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (A.G., V.M.), and the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K.S., P.J.-P.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N.C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - all in Maryland; the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (G.M., L. Aaron, G.R.M.); the Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town (G.T.), the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (A.V.), and the Desmond Tutu TB Center, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg (A.H.) - all in South Africa; FHI 360, Durham, NC (K.M., S.B.); University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare (T.C., T.V., L.S.-C.); Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda (C.O.-M.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone (G.R.M.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (B.T.M.); Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand (L. Aurpibul); Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College (R.B.) and Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government College-Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site (A.G., V.M.), Pune, India; Les Centres GHESKIO Clinical Research Site (GHESKIO-INLR), Port au Prince, Haiti (V.R.); Frontier Science Foundation, Amherst, NY (B.Z.); University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.C.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (T.R.S.); and the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (A.W.).
• N. Engl. J. Med. 2019 Oct 3; 381 (14): 133313461333-1346.

BackgroundThe safety, efficacy, and appropriate timing of isoniazid therapy to prevent tuberculosis in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who are receiving antiretroviral therapy are unknown.MethodsIn this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, noninferiority trial, we randomly assigned pregnant women with HIV infection to receive isoniazid preventive therapy for 28 weeks, initiated either during pregnancy (immediate group) or at week 12 after delivery (deferred group). Mothers and infants were followed through week 48 after delivery. The primary outcome was a composite of treatment-related maternal adverse events of grade 3 or higher or permanent discontinuation of the trial regimen because of toxic effects. The noninferiority margin was an upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval for the between-group difference in the rate of the primary outcome of less than 5 events per 100 person-years.ResultsA total of 956 women were enrolled. A primary outcome event occurred in 72 of 477 women (15.1%) in the immediate group and in 73 of 479 (15.2%) in the deferred group (incidence rate, 15.03 and 14.93 events per 100 person-years, respectively; rate difference, 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.77 to 4.98, which met the criterion for noninferiority). Two women in the immediate group and 4 women in the deferred group died (incidence rate, 0.40 and 0.78 per 100 person-years, respectively; rate difference, -0.39; 95% CI, -1.33 to 0.56); all deaths occurred during the postpartum period, and 4 were from liver failure (2 of the women who died from liver failure had received isoniazid [1 in each group]). Tuberculosis developed in 6 women (3 in each group); the incidence rate was 0.60 per 100 person-years in the immediate group and 0.59 per 100 person-years in the deferred group (rate difference, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.94 to 0.96). There was a higher incidence in the immediate group than in the deferred group of an event included in the composite adverse pregnancy outcome (stillbirth or spontaneous abortion, low birth weight in an infant, preterm delivery, or congenital anomalies in an infant) (23.6% vs. 17.0%; difference, 6.7 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.8 to 11.9).ConclusionsThe risks associated with initiation of isoniazid preventive therapy during pregnancy appeared to be greater than those associated with initiation of therapy during the postpartum period. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; IMPAACT P1078 TB APPRISE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01494038.).Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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