• Conor P O'Halloran, Kristofer G Andren, Jessica Mecklosky, Stephanie Larsen, Steven Brediger, Sally Vitali, Jill M Zalieckas, Francis Fynn-Thompson, Ravi R Thiagarajan, and Alexander Peta M A PMA Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Department of P.
• Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
• Pediatr Crit Care Me. 2020 Jan 1; 21 (1): 75-81.

ObjectivesTo quantify and identify factors associated with bleeding events during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.DesignRetrospective cohort study with primary outcome of bleeding days on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.SettingSingle tertiary care children's hospital.SubjectsOne-hundred twenty-two children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for greater than 12 hours during January 2015 through December 2016.InterventionsBleeding days were identified if mediastinal or cannula site exploration, activated factor VII administration, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or intracranial hemorrhages occurred. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with bleeding days.Measurements And Main ResultsStudy population was identified from institutional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation database. Clinical, laboratory, and survival data were obtained from medical records. Only data from patients' first extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run were used. One-hundred twenty-two patients with median age of 17 weeks (interquartile range, 1-148 wk) were analyzed. Congenital heart disease (n = 56, 46%) was the most common diagnosis. Bleeding days comprised 179 (16%) of the 1,121 observed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-patient-days. By extracorporeal membrane oxygenation day 4, 50% of users had experienced a bleeding day. Central rather than peripheral cannulation (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.47-4.52; p < 0.001), older age (odds ratio, 1.31 per increased week; 95% CI, 1.14-1.52; p < 0.001), higher lactate (odds ratio, 1.08 per 1 mmol/L increase; 95% CI, 1.05-1.12; p < 0.001), and lower platelets (odds ratio, 0.87 per 25,000 cell/μL increase; 95% CI, 0.77-0.99; p = 0.005) were associated with bleeding days. Patients who experienced more frequent bleeding (> 75th percentile) had fewer ventilator-free and hospital-free days in the 60 days after cannulation (0 vs 31; p = 0.002 and 0 vs 0; p = 0.008) and higher in-hospital mortality (68 vs 34%; p < 0.001).ConclusionsCentral cannulation, older age, low platelets, and high lactate are associated with bleeding days during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Patients who bleed more frequently during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have higher in-hospital mortality, longer technological dependence, and reduced hospital-free days.

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