• G Hempelmann and D F Kuhn.
• Abteilung Anaesthesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen.
• Anaesthesist. 1997 Mar 1; 46 Suppl 1: S3-7.

AbstractAmong anaesthetic drugs, ketamine occupies a special position. biochemically, ketamine is a racemate consisting of equal shares of two optical enantiomers. Pharmacological investigations show differences between those enantiomers in both qualitative and quantitative properties. Furthermore, clinical superiority of S-(+)-ketamine has been described in different therapeutic studies with regard to anaesthetic potency, the extent of analgesia, effects and side effects during and after the operation, and undiserable psychological dysfunction. On a neuropharmacological basis, the clinical superiority of S-(+)-ketamine is due to its effect on NMDA receptors in central nervous tissue, opioid receptors on both central and peripheral levels, and noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotoninergic mechanisms. The main problems associated with the ketamine racemate in clinical use are desirable psychological dysfunction and a prolonged period of arousal. There are grounds for the assumption that the use of S-(+)-ketamine will minimise those problems without reducing anaesthetic potency or restricting the advantages of ketamine anaesthesia.

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