• G Mowatt, C Glazener, and M Jarrett.
• University of Aberdeen, Health Services Research Unit, 3rd Floor, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK, AB25 2ZD. g.mowatt@abdn.ac.uk
• Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18 (3): CD004464.

BackgroundFaecal incontinence and constipation are disabling conditions that reduce quality of life. If conservative treatment fails, one option is sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), a minimally invasive technique allowing modulation of the nerves and muscles of the pelvic floor and hindgut.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of SNS for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults.Search StrategyWe searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 24 April 2007) and the reference lists of relevant articles.Selection CriteriaAll randomised or quasi-randomised trials assessing the effects of SNS for faecal incontinence or constipation in adults.Data Collection And AnalysisTwo review authors independently screened the search results, assessed the methodological quality of the included studies, and undertook data extraction.Main ResultsThree crossover studies were included. Two, enrolling 34 (Leroi) and two participants (Vaizey), assessed the effects of SNS for faecal incontinence, and one (Kenefick), enrolling two participants, assessed SNS for constipation. In the study by Leroi, following the crossover period, participants, while still blinded, chose the period of stimulation they had preferred. Outcomes at different time points were reported separately for 19 participants who preferred the 'on' and five who preferred the 'off' period. For the group of 19, the median (range) episodes of faecal incontinence per week fell from 1.7 (0 to 9) during the 'off' period to 0.7 (0 to 5) during the 'on' period; for the group of five, however, the median (range) rose from 1.7 (0 to 11) during the 'off' period compared with 3.7 (0 to 11) during the 'on' period. Vaizey reported an average of six, and one, episodes of faecal incontinence per week during the 'off' and 'on' periods respectively. Leroi reported that four of 27 participants experienced an adverse event resulting in removal of the stimulator; Vaizey did not report adverse events. For SNS for constipation, during the 'off' crossover period the participants experienced an average of two bowel movements per week, compared with five during the 'on' period. Abdominal pain and bloating occurred 79% of the time during the 'off' period compared with 33% during the 'on' period. No adverse events occurred.Authors' ConclusionsThe very limited evidence from the included studies suggests that SNS can improve continence in selected people with faecal incontinence, and reduce symptoms in selected people with constipation. However temporary, percutaneous stimulation for a two-to-three week period does not always successfully identify those for whom a permanent implant will be beneficial. Larger, good quality randomised crossover trials are needed to allow the effects of SNS for these conditions to be assessed with more certainty.

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