• H Waizy and M Abbara-Czardybon.
• Klinik für Fuß- und Sprunggelenkchirurgie, Hessing Stiftung, Hessingstr. 17, 86199, Augsburg, Deutschland, hazibullah.waizy@hessing-stiftung.de.
• Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2014 Jun 1; 26 (3): 307-21; uqiz 322.

ObjectiveElimination of the fixed lesser toe deformity by arthrodesis of the proximal or distal interphalangeal joints (PIP and DIP, respectively).IndicationsPainful fixed deformity. PIP joint: fixed hammer toe or clawtoe. DIP joint: fixed mallet toe. Relative indication: flexible hammer toe, clawtoe or mallet toe.ContraindicationsGeneral operative contraindications. Relative contraindications also include severe deformities affecting the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, for which the arthrodesis should combine an operative procedure of the MTP joint.Surgical TechniquesPIP arthrodesis: Dorsal incision centered over the PIP joint, exposure of the PIP joint by transsecting the extensor tendon and joint capsule, release of the collateral ligaments, while carefully protecting the neurovascular bundles, resection of the head of the proximal phalanx and the articular surface of the middle phalanx. The arthrodesis should be stabilised in mild plantar flexion. The tip of the toe should have contact with the surface when the push up test is done. The arthrodesis technique depends on the implant used. The extensor tendon is sutured and the wound is closed. DIP arthrodesis: dorsal incision centered over the DIP joint, exposure of the DIP joint by transsecting the extensor tendon and joint capsule, release of the collateral ligaments, while carefully protecting the neurovascular bundles. Resection of the head of the middle phalanx and the articular surface of the distal phalanx. The arthrodesis should be stabilised in straight position. The arthrodesis technique depends on the implant used. The extensor tendon is sutured and the wound is closed.Postoperative ManagementPostoperative full weight bearing for 3-6 weeks, depending on the arthrodesis technique used.ResultsStabilisation of the toe with adequate alignment is achieved by arthrodesis of the affected joint. In general, digital fusion of the fixed lesser toe pathology shows a high subjective satisfaction rate among the patients, although the rate of pseudarthrosis in attempted PIP or DIP arthrodesis is quite high. Major reasons for postoperative dissatisfaction were swelling, wound necrosis, pin infection, floating toe, shortening and angulation of the toe.

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