• Daniel I Sessler and Paul S Myles.
• From the Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic (D.I.S.) the Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (P.S.M.).
• Anesthesiology. 2020 Jan 1; 132 (1): 69-81.

AbstractLarge randomized trials provide the highest level of clinical evidence. However, enrolling large numbers of randomized patients across numerous study sites is expensive and often takes years. There will never be enough conventional clinical trials to address the important questions in medicine. Efficient alternatives to conventional randomized trials that preserve protections against bias and confounding are thus of considerable interest. A common feature of novel trial designs is that they are pragmatic and facilitate enrollment of large numbers of patients at modest cost. This article presents trial designs including cluster designs, real-time automated enrollment, and practitioner-preference approaches. Then various adaptive designs that improve trial efficiency are presented. And finally, the article discusses the advantages of embedding randomized trials within registries.

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