• Enric Domingo, Carme Camps, Pamela J Kaisaki, Marie J Parsons, Dmitri Mouradov, Melissa M Pentony, Seiko Makino, Michelle Palmieri, Robyn L Ward, Nicholas J Hawkins, Peter Gibbs, Hanne Askautrud, Dahmane Oukrif, Haitao Wang, Joe Wood, Evie Tomlinson, Yasmine Bark, Kulvinder Kaur, Elaine C Johnstone, Claire Palles, David N Church, Marco Novelli, Havard E Danielsen, Jon Sherlock, David Kerr, Rachel Kerr, Oliver Sieber, Jenny C Taylor, and Ian Tomlinson.
• Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK; Genomic Medicine Theme, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: enric.domingo@oncology.ox.ac.uk.
• Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Sep 1; 3 (9): 635-643.

BackgroundMolecular indicators of colorectal cancer prognosis have been assessed in several studies, but most analyses have been restricted to a handful of markers. We aimed to identify prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer by sequencing panels of multiple driver genes.MethodsIn stage II or III colorectal cancers from the QUASAR 2 open-label randomised phase 3 clinical trial and an Australian community-based series, we used targeted next-generation sequencing of 82 and 113 genes, respectively, including the main colorectal cancer drivers. We investigated molecular pathways of tumorigenesis, and analysed individual driver gene mutations, combinations of mutations, or global measures such as microsatellite instability (MSI) and mutation burden (total number of non-synonymous mutations and coding indels) for associations with relapse-free survival in univariable and multivariable models, principally Cox proportional hazards models.FindingsIn QUASAR 2 (511 tumours), TP53, KRAS, BRAF, and GNAS mutations were independently associated with shorter relapse-free survival (p<0·035 in all cases), and total somatic mutation burden with longer survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0·81 [95% CI 0·68-0·96]; p=0·014). MSI was not independently associated with survival (HR 1·12 [95% CI 0·57-2·19]; p=0·75). We successfully validated these associations in the Australian sample set (296 tumours). In a combined analysis of both the QUASAR 2 and the Australian sample sets, mutation burden was also associated with longer survival (HR 0·84 [95% CI 0·74-0·94]; p=0·004) after exclusion of MSI-positive and POLE mutant tumours. In an extended analysis of 1732 QUASAR 2 and Australian colorectal cancers for which KRAS, BRAF, and MSI status were available, KRAS and BRAF mutations were specifically associated with poor prognosis in MSI-negative cancers. MSI-positive cancers with KRAS or BRAF mutations had better prognosis than MSI-negative cancers that were wild-type for KRAS or BRAF. Mutations in the genes NF1 and NRAS from the MAPK pathway co-occurred, and mutations in the DNA damage-response genes TP53 and ATM were mutually exclusive. We compared a prognostic model based on the gold standard of clinicopathological variables and MSI with our new model incorporating clinicopathological variables, mutation burden, and driver mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and TP53. In both QUASAR 2 and the Australian cohort, our new model was significantly better (p=0·00004 and p=0·0057, respectively, based on a likelihood ratio test).InterpretationMultigene panels identified two previously unreported prognostic associations in colorectal cancer involving TP53 mutation and total mutation burden, and confirmed associations with KRAS and BRAF. Even a modest-sized gene panel can provide important information for use in clinical practice and outperform MSI-based prognostic models.FundingUK Technology Strategy Board, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Cancer Australia Project, Cancer Council Victoria, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Victorian Government.Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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