• Ruben Volkers, Esmay Giesen, Maudy van der Heiden, Mijke Kerperien, Sibylle Lange, Erkan Kurt, Robert van Dongen, Dennis Schutter, Vissers Kris C P KCP Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Palliative Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands., and Dylan Henssen.
• Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
• Neuromodulation. 2020 Jun 1; 23 (4): 436-443.

ObjectiveInvasive motor cortex stimulation (iMCS) has been proposed as a treatment for intractable neuropathic pain syndromes. Although the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effect of iMCS remain largely elusive, several studies found iMCS-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in neuropathic pain patients. The aim of this study was to meta-analyze the findings of neuroimaging studies on rCBF changes to iMCS.MethodsPubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for retrieval of relevant scientific papers. After initial assessment of relevancy by screening title and abstract by two investigators, independently, predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for final inclusion of papers. Descriptive results were statistically assessed, whereas coordinates were pooled and meta-analyzed in accordance with the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) methodology.ResultsSix studies were included in the systematic narrative analysis, suggesting rCBF increases in the cingulate gyrus, thalamus, insula, and putamen after switching the MCS device "ON" as compared to the "OFF" situation. Decreases in rCBF were found in for example the precentral gyrus and different occipital regions. Two studies did not report stereotactic coordinates and were excluded from further analysis. ALE meta-analysis showed that, after switching the iMCS electrode "ON," increased rCBF occurred in the (1) anterior cingulate gyrus; (2) putamen; (3) cerebral peduncle; (4) precentral gyrus; (5) superior frontal gyrus; (6) red nucleus; (7) internal part of the globus pallidus; (8) ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus; (9) medial frontal gyrus; (10) inferior frontal gyrus; and (11) claustrum, as compared to the "OFF" situation. Reductions in rCBF were found in the posterior cingulate gyrus when the iMCS electrode was turned "OFF."ConclusionsThese findings suggested that iMCS induces changes in principal components of the default mode-, the salience-, and sensorimotor network.© 2020 The Authors. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Neuromodulation Society.

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