• Abhishek Kaushik, T A Dwarakanath, Gaurav Bhutani, Aliasgar Moiyadi, and Pradip Chaudhari.
• Department of Engineering Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India. Electronic address: kaushik.or.abhishek@gmail.com.
• World Neurosurg. 2020 May 1; 137: 71-77.

BackgroundThis work attempts to simulate a robot-based autonomous targeted neurosurgical procedure such as biopsy on a vegetable specimen. The objective of the work is to validate the robot-based autonomous neuroregistration and neuronavigation for neurosurgery in terms of stereotactic navigation and target accuracy.Case DescriptionA vegetable (carrot) fixed in a tray was used as a model. The tray was affixed with multiple markers. The robot autonomously registers the subject precisely and subsequently accesses the target. The navigation trajectory closely follows the path from the entry point to the target point, as specified in the medical image. The replication of procedures reveals that the target accuracies are within 1 mm. The results based on the case studies are presented. Intricate cases in terms of entry hole size, depth, and size of the target are considered for both phantom and vegetable trials.ConclusionsThe results of the case studies show enhanced and consistent performance characteristics in terms of accuracy, precision, and repeatability with the added advantage of the economy of time. The case studies serve as validation for a high precision robot-assisted neuroregistration and neuronavigation task for neurosurgery and pave the way for further animal and human trials.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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