• Robert D Becher, Nitin Sukumar, Michael P DeWane, Marilyn J Stolar, Thomas M Gill, Kevin M Schuster, Adrian A Maung, Cheryl K Zogg, and Kimberly A Davis.
• Division of General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT. Electronic address: robert.becher@yale.edu.
• J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2020 Jun 1; 230 (6): 966973.e10966-973.e10.

BackgroundThe American College of Surgeons maintains that surgical care in the US has not reached optimal safety and quality. This can be driven partially by higher-risk, emergency operations in geriatric patients. We therefore sought to answer 2 questions: First, to what degree does standardized postoperative mortality vary in hospitals performing nonelective operations in geriatric patients? Second, can the differences in hospital-based mortality be explained by patient-, operative-, and hospital-level characteristics among outlier institutions?Study DesignPatients 65 years and older who underwent 1 of 8 common emergency general surgery operations were identified using the California State Inpatient Database (2010 to 2011). Expected mortality was obtained from hierarchical, Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression models. A risk-adjusted hospital-level standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated from observed-to-expected in-hospital deaths. "Outlier" hospitals had an SMR 80% CI that did not cross the mean SMR of 1.0. High-mortality (SMR >1.0) and low-mortality (SMR <1.0) outliers were compared.ResultsWe included 24,207 patients from 107 hospitals. SMRs varied widely, from 2.3 (highest) to 0.3 (lowest). Eleven hospitals (10.3%) were poor-performing high-SMR outliers, and 10 hospitals (9.3%) were exceptional-performing low-SMR outliers. SMR was 3 times worse in the high-SMR compared with the low-SMR group (1.7 vs 0.6; p < 0.001). Patient-, operation-, and hospital-level characteristics were equivalent among outlier-hospitals.ConclusionsSignificant hospital variation exists in standardized mortality after common general surgery operations done emergently in older patients. More than 10% of institutions have substantial excess mortality. These findings confirm that the safety of emergency operation in geriatric patients can be significantly improved by decreasing the wide variability in mortality outcomes.Copyright © 2020 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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