• Rebecca Abbott, Anneli Peolsson, Janne West, James M Elliott, Ulrika Åslund, Anette Karlsson, and Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard.
• Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, NU-PTHMS, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 North Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA.
• Spine J. 2018 May 1; 18 (5): 717-725.

Background ContextThe development of muscle fat infiltration (MFI) in the neck muscles is associated with poor functional recovery following whiplash injury. Custom software and time-consuming manual segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required for quantitative analysis and presents as a barrier for clinical translation.PurposeThe purpose of this work was to establish a qualitative MRI measure for MFI and evaluate its ability to differentiate between individuals with severe whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), mild or moderate WAD, and healthy controls.Study Design/SettingThis is a cross-sectional study.Patient SampleThirty-one subjects with WAD and 31 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited from an ongoing randomized controlled trial.Outcome MeasuresThe cervical multifidus was visually identified and segmented into eighths in the axial fat/water images (C4-C7). Muscle fat infiltration was assessed on a visual scale: 0 for no or marginal MFI, 1 for light MFI, and 2 for distinct MFI. The participants with WAD were divided in two groups: mild or moderate and severe based on Neck Disability Index % scores.MethodsThe mean regional MFI was compared between the healthy controls and each of the WAD groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out to evaluate the validity of the qualitative method.ResultsTwenty (65%) patients had mild or moderate disability and 11 (35%) were considered severe. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was excellent when grading was averaged by level or when frequency of grade II was considered. Statistically significant differences (p<.05) in regional MFI were particularly notable between the severe WAD group and healthy controls. The ROC curve, based on detection of distinct MFI, showed an area-under-the curve of 0.768 (95% confidence interval 0.59-0.94) for discrimination of WAD participants.ConclusionsThese preliminary results suggest a qualitative MRI measure for MFI is reliable and valid, and may prove useful toward the classification of WAD in radiology practice.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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