• Marshall T Holland, Scott C Seaman, Royce W Woodroffe, Douglas C Fredericks, Christopher K Kovach, Katherine N Gibson-Corley, George T Gillies, and Matthew A Howard.
• Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
• World Neurosurg. 2020 May 1; 137: e634-e641.

BackgroundChronic midline low back pain is the number one reason for disability in the United States despite the prolific use of medical and surgical interventions. Notwithstanding the widespread use of epidural spinal cord stimulators (SCSs), there remains a large portion of the population with inadequate pain control thought to be because of the limited volume of stimulated neural tissue. Intradural SCSs represent an underexplored alternative strategy with the potential to improve selectivity, power efficiency, and efficacy. We studied and carried out development of an intradural form of an SCS. Herein we present the findings of in vivo testing of a prototype intradural SCS in a porcine model.MethodsSix female juvenile pigs underwent surgical investigation. One control animal underwent a laminectomy only, whereas the 5 other animals had implantation of an intradural SCS prototype. One of the prototypes was fully wired to enable acute stimulation and concurrent electromyographic recordings. All animals underwent terminal surgery 3 months postimplantation, with harvesting of the spinal column. Imaging (microcomputed tomography scan) and histopathologic examinations were subsequently performed.ResultsAll animals survived implantation without evidence of neurologic deficits or infection. Postmortem imaging and histopathologic examination of the spinal column revealed no evidence of spinal cord damage, cerebrospinal fluid fistula formation, abnormal bony overgrowth, or dural defect. Viable dura was present between the intra- and extradural plates of the device. Electromyographic recordings revealed evoked motor units from the stimulator.ConclusionsChronically implanted intradural device in the porcine model demonstrated safety and feasibility for translation into humans.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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