• He Zheng, Wang Chengcheng, Jiang Bin, Wang Chaochao, Zhang Hongying, Guo Wenqiang, Liu Bin, Tian Hailong, and Wang Zhigang.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, P.R. China.
• World Neurosurg. 2020 Jun 1; 138: 141-144.

BackgroundNeuromodulation is recommended for patients with refractory tuberous sclerosis related epilepsy (TRE) who are unable to localize epileptogenic nodules after comprehensive preoperative evaluation or for patients and families who do not agree to resection.Case DescriptionWe report a patient with refractory TRE who received deep brain stimulation of anterior thalamic nucleus (ANT-DBS) and achieved a satisfactory response. To our knowledge, this is the first case of TRE being treated with ANT-DBS. A 22-year-old male was admitted to the hospital for refractory TRE seeking surgical treatment. Seizures were mainly manifested by deep temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy and suspected to originate in the limbic system. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive potentially epileptogenic nodules in the brain lacking significant nodules. Scalp electroencephalogram showed a comprehensive, bilateral synchronous low-voltage rapid rhythm, unable to localize seizure origin. We performed bilateral ANT-DBS according to the preoperative evaluation, and the frequency and intensity of seizures were significantly reduced after the 15-month follow-up (P <0.05, Student's t-test). Our case extends the therapeutic indications of ANT-DBS to a certain extent, providing a neuromodulation alternative to vagus nerve stimulation for patients with TRE who are unsuitable candidates or refuse resection.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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