• Charlotte M Nusman, Robert Hemke, Marc A Benninga, Dieneke Schonenberg-Meinema, Angelika Kindermann, van Rossum Marion A J MA Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Emma Children's Hospital AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibe, J Merlijn van den Berg, Mario Maas, and Taco W Kuijpers.
• Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.m.nusman@amc.nl.
• Eur Radiol. 2016 Apr 1; 26 (4): 1141-8.

ObjectivesTo evaluate enhancing synovial thickness upon contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee in children unaffected by clinical arthritis compared with clinically active juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. A secondary objective was optimization of the scoring method based on maximizing differences on MRI between these groups.MethodsTwenty-five children without history of joint complaints nor any clinical signs of joint inflammation were age/sex-matched with 25 clinically active JIA patients with arthritis of at least one knee. Two trained radiologists, blinded for clinical status, independently evaluated location and extent of enhancing synovial thickness with the validated Juvenile Arthritis MRI Scoring system (JAMRIS) on contrast-enhanced axial fat-saturated T1-weighted MRI of the knee.ResultsEnhancing synovium (≥2 mm) was present in 13 (52 %) unaffected children. Using the total JAMRIS score for synovial thickening, no significant difference was found between unaffected children and active JIA patients (p = 0.091). Additional weighting of synovial thickening at the JIA-specific locations enabled more sensitive discrimination (p = 0.011).ConclusionsMild synovial thickening is commonly present in the knee of children unaffected by clinical arthritis. The infrapatellar and cruciate ligament synovial involvement were specific for JIA, which-in a revised JAMRIS-increases the ability to discriminate between JIA and unaffected children.Key Points• Synovial inflammation is the primary disease feature in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). • Appearance of the synovium on contrast-enhanced MRI in unaffected children is unknown. • Validation of existing scoring methods requires comparison between JIA and unaffected children. • Mild enhancing synovial thickening was detected in half of the unaffected children. • Location-weighting for JIA-specific locations increased discriminative value of the scoring methods (p = 0.011).

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