• Pietro Caironi, Roberto Latini, Joachim Struck, Oliver Hartmann, Andreas Bergmann, Valentina Bellato, Sandra Ferraris, Gianni Tognoni, Antonio Pesenti, Luciano Gattinoni, Serge Masson, and ALBIOS Study Investigators.
• Dipartimento di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.
• Clin. Chem. 2018 Sep 1; 64 (9): 1361-1369.

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in many critically ill patients and is associated with high mortality. We examined whether proenkephalin could predict incident AKI and its improvement in septic patients.MethodsPlasma proenkephalin A 119-159 (penKid) was assayed in 956 patients with sepsis or septic shock enrolled in the multicenter Albumin Italian Outcome Sepsis (ALBIOS) trial to test its association with incident AKI, improvement of renal function, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mortality.ResultsMedian [Q1-Q3] plasma penKid concentration on day 1 [84 (20-159) pmol/L[ was correlated with serum creatinine concentration (r = 0.74); it was higher in patients with chronic renal failure and rose progressively with the renal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment subscore. It predicted incident AKI within 48 h (adjusted odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.1-5.1; P < 0.0001) or 1 week [adjusted hazard ratio, 2.1 (1.7-2.8); P < 0.0001] and future RRT during the intensive care unit stay [odds ratio, 4.0 (3.0-5.4)]. PenKid was also associated with improvements in renal function in patients with baseline serum creatinine >2 mg/dL, both within the next 48 h [adjusted odds ratio, 0.31 (0.18-0.54), P < 0.0001] and 1 week [0.23 (0.12-0.45)]. The time course of penKid concentrations predicted AKI and 90-day mortality.ConclusionsEarly measurement and the trajectory of penKid predict incident AKI, improvement of renal function, and the need for RRT in the acute phase after intensive care unit admission during sepsis or septic shock. PenKid measurement may be a valuable tool to test early therapies aimed at preventing the risk of AKI in sepsis.© 2018 American Association for Clinical Chemistry.

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