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Palliative medicine · May 2013
ReviewCross-cultural development of the EORTC QLQ-SWB36: a stand-alone measure of spiritual wellbeing for palliative care patients with cancer.
- Bella Vivat, Teresa Young, Fabio Efficace, Valgerđur Sigurđadóttir, Juan Ignacio Arraras, Gudlaug Helga Åsgeirsdóttir, Anne Brédart, Anna Costantini, Kunihiko Kobayashi, Susanne Singer, and EORTC Quality of Life Group.
- School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, UK. bella.vivat@brunel.ac.uk
- Palliat Med. 2013 May 1;27(5):457-69.
BackgroundNo existing stand-alone measures of spiritual wellbeing have been developed in cross-cultural and multiple linguistic contexts.AimCross-cultural development of a stand-alone European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) measure of spiritual wellbeing for palliative care patients with cancer.DesignBroadly following EORTC Quality of Life Group (QLG) guidelines for developing questionnaires, the study comprised three phases. Phase I identified relevant issues and obtained the views of palliative care patients and professionals about those issues. Phase II operationalised issues into items. Phase III pilot-tested those items with palliative care patients. Amendments to the guidelines included an intermediate Phase IIIa, and debriefing questions specific to the measure.Setting/ParticipantsPhase III pilot-testing recruited 113 people with incurable cancer from hospitals and hospices in six European countries and Japan.ResultsA provisional 36-item measure ready for Phase IV field-testing, the EORTC QLQ-SWB36, has been developed. Careful attention to translation and simultaneous development in multiple languages means items are acceptable and consistent between different countries and languages. Phase III data from 113 patients in seven countries show that the items are comprehensible across languages and cultures. Phase III patient participants in several countries used the measure as a starting point for discussing the issues it addresses.ConclusionThe EORTC QLG's rigorous cross-cultural development process ensures that the EORTC QLQ-SWB36 identifies key issues for spiritual wellbeing in multiple cultural contexts, and that items are comprehensible and consistent across languages. Some cross-cultural differences were observed, but data were insufficient to enable generalisation. Phase IV field-testing will investigate these differences further.
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