• Antonio Pisano, Michele Torella, Andrey Yavorovskiy, and Giovanni Landoni.
• Department of Critical Care, Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, AORN Dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
• J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2021 Mar 1; 35 (3): 711-729.

AbstractDespite improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care, cardiac surgery still is burdened by relatively high mortality and frequent major postoperative complications, including myocardial dysfunction, pulmonary complications, neurologic injury, and acute kidney injury. Although the surgeon's skills and volume and patient- and procedure-related risk factors play a major role in the success of cardiac surgery, there is growing evidence that also optimizing perioperative care may improve outcomes significantly. The present review focuses on the aspects of perioperative care that are strictly related to the anesthesia regimen, with special reference to volatile anesthetics and neuraxial anesthesia, whose effect on outcome in adult cardiac surgery has been investigated extensively.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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