• Ben Young, Laura Bedford, das NairRoshanRDivision of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK., Stephanie Gallant, Roberta Littleford, RobertsonJohn F RJFRDivision of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK., Stuart Schembri, Frank M Sullivan, Kavita Vedhara, Denise Kendrick, and ECLS study team.
• Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
• J Eval Clin Pract. 2020 Jun 1; 26 (3): 893-902.

Rationale, Aims, And ObjectivesHigh response rates to research questionnaires can help to ensure results are more representative of the population studied and provide increased statistical power, on which the study may have been predicated. Improving speed and quality of response can reduce costs.MethodWe conducted a randomized study within a trial (SWAT) to assess questionnaire response rates, reminders sent, and data completeness with unconditional compared with conditional monetary incentives. Eligible individuals were mailed a series of psychological questionnaires as a follow-up to a baseline host trial questionnaire. Half received a £5 gift voucher with questionnaires (unconditional), and half were promised the voucher after returning questionnaires (conditional).ResultsOf 1079 individuals, response rates to the first follow-up questionnaire were 94.2% and 91.7% in the unconditional and conditional monetary incentive groups, respectively (OR 1.78; 95% CI, 0.85-3.72). There were significantly greater odds of returning repeat questionnaires in the unconditional group at 6 months (OR 2.97; 95% CI, 1.01-8.71; .047) but not at 12 months (OR 1.12; 95% CI, 0.44-2.85). Incentive condition had no impact at any time point on the proportion of sent questionnaires that needed reminders. Odds of incomplete questionnaires were significantly greater at 3 months in the unconditional compared with the conditional incentive group (OR 2.45; 95% CI, 1.32-4.55; .004).ConclusionsUnconditional monetary incentives can produce a transitory greater likelihood of mailed questionnaire response in a clinical trial participant group, consistent with the direction of effect in other settings. However, this could have been a chance finding. The use of multiple strategies to promote response may have created a ceiling effect. This strategy has potential to reduce administrative and postage costs, weighed against the cost of incentives used, but could risk compromising the completeness of data.© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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