Preventive medicine reports
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Cardio-metabolic diseases (CMD; cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease) represent a global public health problem. Worldwide, nearly half a billion people are currently diagnosed with diabetes, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. Most of these diseases can be assuaged/prevented through behavior change. ⋯ We supplement our recommendations with practical, evidence-based suggestions for how each recommendation might best be heeded. The toolbox is generic and adaptable to various national and systemic settings by clinicians and policy makers alike. However, our product needs to be kept up-to-date to be effective and we implore future research to add relevant tools as they are developed.
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Health warnings on tobacco products can inform users of potential risks. However, little is known about young people's exposure to health warnings on e-cigarette products. This baseline assessment of young people's noticing e-cigarette warnings uses nationally representative data from three countries. ⋯ Noticing warnings was significantly associated with higher odds of believing e-cigarettes cause at least some harm to users (AOR = 1.19), are as harmful as cigarettes (AOR = 1.45), and can be addictive (AOR = 1.43). Baseline assessment reveals that youth's noticing of e-cigarette warnings and recall of nicotine-addiction messages was low. Research should track exposure over time as warning requirements are implemented across different countries.