Medicina clinica
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Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious mortality in the world, affecting mainly developing countries (DC), while diabetes (DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases. This review analyzes the fact that diabetes is currently an important risk factor for developing TB, also presenting more complicated TB, more relapses and higher mortality. ⋯ At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic is complicating the management of both diseases due to the difficulty of access to control and treatment and the worsening of socioeconomic inequalities. It is necessary to establish a bidirectional screening for TB and DM and promote recommendations for the joint management of both diseases.
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Pluriglandular autoimmune syndrome (APS) can affect multiple endocrine glands and is associated with other autoimmune diseases. APS type 1 presents with hypoparathyroidism, mucocutaneous candidiasis and Addison's disease. It is caused by AutoImmune Regulator (AIRE) gene mutation. ⋯ Multiple genes have been implicated, including those of the class II major histocompatibility complex. SPA type 3 is characterized by autoimmune thyroid disease and other autoimmune disease, excluding Addison's disease and hypoparathyroidism, 4 genes have been implicated and confer susceptibility. The diagnosis of APS type 2 and type 3 includes clinical manifestations, nevertheless, the determination of autoantibodies can be useful to predict the risk of disease manifestation and to confirm the autoimmune disease in some cases.