Vascular
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Virtual reality (VR) simulations have long been used for training in aviation and other professions. High-fidelity endovascular procedure simulators are now available, providing procedure simulations with real-time interactions; two-dimensional graphic displays of angiographic anatomy; mechanical interfaces with guidewires, sheaths, and catheters that provide some degree of haptic feedback; modeling of physiologic and pharmacology responses; and other features. ⋯ Early experience has shown that simulation is well accepted by trainees, performance on simulators improves with training and practice, and simulation prior to first performing endovascular procedures can improve clinical performance. Specific to CAS, the value of education programs using simulators appears to be tangible as trained but inexperienced CAS operators have clinical results comparable to those of physicians with extensive CAS experience.