Journal of pediatric urology
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Caudal epidural analgesia (CEA) is a common analgesic technique performed for pediatric penile surgeries; however, it has associated morbidity. The pudendal nerve block (PNB) has been described as an effective analgesic alternative to CEA. ⋯ PNB is non-inferior to CEA for analgesia for pediatric penile surgery, with LD-PNB being as effective as US-PNB. Given the simplicity and documented lower risk profile, PNB may be preferred to CEA for ambulatory pediatric urology procedures.
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Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the anus to the genitals, is a marker of normal genital development. AGD and other biometric parameters of external female genitalia are important as ultrasonographic markers that can determine fetal gender in the first trimester. Neural tube defects are one of the commonest congenital malformations of the central nervous system, with anencephaly being the most severe defect. Female genitalia development and their association with anencephaly have not been previously described. ⋯ Anencephalic fetuses had some alterations in external genitalia development, but the anogenital distances did vary significantly between the groups.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disorder, means acute deterioration of renal function generally occurring over hours to days. Serum creatinine (SCr) is a suboptimal biomarker in neonates as the creatinine concentration reflects the maternal level for up to 72 h after birth, to improve the ability for early prediction of AKI and improve clinical outcomes, there has been a significant amount of research to identify novel biomarkers of damage to allow for the earlier identification of neonates with AKI. ⋯ uKIM-1 and uKIM-1/cr are good early indicators for AKI in neonates suffering from a critical illness.