Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyū no shinpo
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Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNHA), within the group of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, are characterized by repetitive, brief and severe attacks. The SUNHA includes short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA). SUNCT is diagnosed if both conjunctival injection and tearing occur ipsilateral to the pain, whereas SUNA is diagnosed if only one, or neither, of conjunctival injection and tearing occurs. ⋯ There is considerable clinical, therapeutic and radiological overlap between SUNCT, SUNA, and trigeminal neuralgia. Despite being considered distinct conditions, the emerging evidence suggests a broader nosological concept of SUNCT, SUNA, and trigeminal neuralgia; these conditions may constitute a continuum of the same disorder, rather than separate clinical entities. This article discusses the clinical aspects of the syndrome, including pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, radiological imaging and treatment. (Received May 26, 2020; Accepted June 16, 2020; Published November 1, 2020).
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The pathomechanisms of central nervous system disorders associated with COVID-19 remain unsolved. It is therefore imperative to carry out pathologic, virologic, and molecular analyses of the human brain tissue to understand the neurological manifestations of COVID-19. However, autopsy of COVID-19 poses challenges in terms of infection control. In this short review, the neuropathologic findings of individuals with COVID-19 were summerised and a possible autopsy methodologies to investigate these further were proposed.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome-correlated new coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) continues to spread rapidly around the world. Reports regarding the neuropathy and myopathy associated with SARS-Cov-2 increase everyday. ⋯ When initiating clinical treatment for COVID-19, it is crutial to distinguish the peripheral neuropathy or myopathy caused directly or indirectly by SARS-Cov-2 from those caused by other conditions. In this review, we aimed to report the peripheral nerve and muscle disorders associated with SARS-Cov-2 and their possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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In patients with Alzheimer's disease, the brain interstitial space is an important place where amyloid-β oligomers and aggregates exist. Although tau aggregates are observed inside neurons, extracellular brain interstitial fluid tau has drawn attention because of increasing understanding of cell-to-cell propagation of tau aggregation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of factors influencing brain interstitial fluid concentrations of amyloid-β and tau, mainly focusing on known epidemiological risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
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Cervicogenic headache (CEH) is a lateralized non-pulsative headache syndrome caused by cervical spine disorders. The headache is initiated in the neck, which subsequently spreads to the occipital, frontal, and orbital regions, and is accompanied by ipsilateral shoulder pain. The prevalence of CEH is considered to be 15-20% among cases of chronic headache. ⋯ However, CEH in many patients has been reported to be associated with middle to lower cervical disorders, which cannot be explained by this theory. We therefore proposed the possibility that the condition reported here is another type of CEH. The treatment of CEH requires a multidisciplinary approach, because pharmacological treatment is often ineffective. (Received August 16 2019; Accepted November 25, 2019; Published March 1, 2020).