Journal of forensic and legal medicine
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Randomized Controlled Trial
The effect of the prone maximal restraint position with and without weight force on cardiac output and other hemodynamic measures.
The prone maximal restraint (PMR) position has been used by law enforcement and emergency care personnel to restrain acutely combative or agitated individual. The position places the subject prone with wrists handcuffed behind the back and secured to the ankles. Prior work has indicated a reduction in inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter associated with this position when weight force is applied to the back. It is therefore possible that this position can negatively impact hemodynamic stability. ⋯ PMR with and without weight force did not result in any changes in CO or other evidence of cardiovascular or hemodynamic compromise.
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Case Reports
Lack of impairment due to confirmed codeine use prior to a motor vehicle accident: role of pharmacogenomics.
We examined forensic serum toxicology and pharmacogenomics data from a woman on codeine shortly before she caused a motor vehicle accident. ⋯ Based on her genotype and phenotype and reports by the arresting officer, we suggest that the subject in question was not intoxicated by opiates at the time of her motor vehicle accident and may have been falsely incarcerated.