The American journal of cardiology
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B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is used widely to exclude heart failure (HF) in patients with dyspnea. However, most studies of BNP have focused on diagnosing HF with reduced ejection fraction (EF). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a normal BNP level (≤100 pg/ml) is relatively common in HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), a heterogenous disorder commonly associated with obesity. ⋯ EFs and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were similar in the normal and elevated BNP groups (62 ± 7% vs 61 ± 7%, p = 0.67, and 25 ± 8 vs 27 ± 9 mm Hg, p = 0.42, respectively). Elevated BNP was associated with enlarged left atrial volume, worse diastolic function, abnormal right ventricular structure and function, and worse outcomes (e.g., adjusted hazard ratio for HF hospitalization 4.0, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 9.7, p = 0.003). In conclusion, normal BNP levels were present in 29% of symptomatic outpatients with HFpEF who had elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, and although BNP is useful as a prognostic marker in HFpEF, normal BNP does not exclude the outpatient diagnosis of HFpEF.
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Mixed cohorts of patients with ischemic and nonischemic end-stage heart failure (HF) with a QRS duration of ≥120 ms and requiring intravenous inotropes do not appear to benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, CRT does provide greater benefit to patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and might, therefore, be able to reverse the HF syndrome in such patients who are inotrope dependent. To address this question, 226 patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy who received a CRT-defibrillator and who had a left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤35% and QRS of ≥120 ms were followed up for the outcomes of death, transplantation, and ventricular assist device placement. ⋯ Reverse remodeling and left ventricular ejection fraction improvement followed a similar pattern. Among the patients weaned from and dependent on inotropes, a central venous pressure <10 mm Hg on right heart catheterization before CRT was predictive of greater left ventricular functional improvement, more profound reverse remodeling, and longer survival free of transplantation or ventricular assist device placement. In conclusion, inotrope therapy before CRT is an important marker of adverse outcomes after implantation in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, with inotrope dependence denoting irreversible end-stage HF unresponsive to CRT.
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Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are lower in obese patients with left ventricular failure than in their comparably ill, leaner counterparts. The effect of obesity on BNP in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is unknown. We reviewed our prospective PAH registry data collected from November 2001 to December 2007 for patients undergoing right heart catheterization who met the criteria for PAH and had the BNP level and body mass index determined at baseline. ⋯ Obese patients had greater right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures. Increased BNP was associated with worse survival in the lean and overweight patients only. In conclusion, the BNP levels are attenuated in obese patients with PAH despite similar or worse hemodynamics or functional class compared to lean or overweight patients and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
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Comparative Study
Prediction of new onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac revascularization surgery.
The aim of this study was to create a simple risk index to predict new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with histories of AF. AF after coronary artery bypass grafting (referred to here as AF) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Identifying patients at high risk for developing AF may help identify a group of patients who might benefit from strategies to prevent postoperative AF. ⋯ An AF risk index including these variables had adequate discriminatory power, with a concordance index of 0.68. In conclusion, using a large cohort of patients, a simple risk index relying only on preoperative clinical variables was developed, which will help predict AF. This risk index can be used clinically to identify patients at high risk for the development of AF.
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Comparative Study
Outcome and resource utilization of infants born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the Intermountain West.
The objective of the present study was to characterize the outcomes and resource utilization of all infants born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in the Intermountain West. This was a retrospective cohort study of all infants born with HLHS in the Intermountain West from January 1995 and January 2010. The cohort was divided into 3 eras: era 1, 1995 to 1999; era 2, 2000 to 2004; and era 3, 2005 to 2010. ⋯ The factors associated with mortality after stage 1 included surgical procedure type (Blalock-Taussig vs Sano shunt, hazard ratio 2.1), requirement for postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (hazard ratio 4.2), postoperative renal dysfunction (hazard ratio 3.0), anomalous pulmonary venous return (hazard ratio 2.9), and moderate or greater tricuspid valve regurgitation at any point (hazard ratio 2.0). For patients who had undergone stage 1, 2, or 3 palliation, the median cumulative lifetime hospitalization was 32, 48, and 65 days, and the median cumulative lifetime charges for hospitalization were $201,812, $253,183, and $296,213, respectively. In conclusion, although hospital-based studies of HLHS have shown significantly improved survival after surgical palliation, population-based studies have shown that HLHS continues to have a high mortality and high resource utilization.