International emergency nursing
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The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of alcohol and medicinal drugs among rescue workers as a consequence of the 22 July terrorist attack was associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms, and explore if there were differences between affiliated and unaffiliated rescue workers. ⋯ The study found a low level of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and alcohol and medicinal drug use among the rescue workers after the terror attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011. There was a strong association between both medicinal drug and alcohol use and elevated PTSS.
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Pain is the most common reason for visiting the Emergency Department (ED), and pain management is an important aspect of emergency care. Pain management might begin before emergency department arrival, by a patient's self-administered medications or alternative therapies. ⋯ The rate of self-administered intervention for pain relief before ED arrival was high. ED nurses have to take these interventions into account while performing pain assessment. The information may help to achieve better pain management in the ED.