Postgraduate medical journal
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Encephalitis describes inflammation of the brain parenchyma, typically caused by either an infectious agent or through an autoimmune process which may be postinfectious, paraneoplastic or idiopathic. Patients can present with a combination of fever, alterations in behaviour, personality, cognition and consciousness. They may also exhibit focal neurological deficits, seizures, movement disorders and/or autonomic instability. ⋯ Over the last decade, research in encephalitis has led to marked developments in the understanding, diagnosis and management of encephalitis. In parallel, the number of autoimmune encephalitis syndromes has rapidly expanded and clinically characteristic syndromes in association with pathogenic autoantibodies have been defined. By focusing on findings presented at the Encephalitis Society's conference in December 2021, this article reviews the causes, clinical manifestations and management of encephalitis and integrate recent advances and challenges of research into encephalitis.
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Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the most common causes of lumbocrural pain. In the past 20 years, the incidence of LDH has increased dramatically. There are many treatments for LDH, including conservative treatment (such as acupuncture and physiotherapy), minimally invasive interventional treatment (such as collagenase chemonucleolysis and radiofrequency ablation) and surgical treatment. The main purpose of this paper is to review the development process and application status of collagenase chemonucleolysis in the treatment of LDH at home and abroad and provide a reference for clinical treatment.
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Surveys are quick and easy to produce. This paper outlines some of the many problems that should be anticipated.