Postgraduate medical journal
-
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are on the rise. While there is evidence of a link between the two diseases, the pathophysiological mechanisms they share are not fully understood. ⋯ Our study sheds light on the common pathogenesis and biomarkers of both diseases, and these findings have potential implications for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies for COPD and T2DM. Key message What is already known on this topic? Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often coexist as comorbidities. However, the exact mechanistic link between the two diseases remains complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood. What this study adds? Three biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinase, laminin α4, and differentially expressed in normal cells and neoplasia domain containing 4 C, were identified as key co-expression hub genes in COPD and T2DM. How this study might affect research, practice or policy? Future studies may benefit from incorporating a larger sample set to further explore and validate the diagnostic and therapeutic effects of these core genes.
-
This study aims to explore the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). ⋯ This study provides evidence of a causal relationship between specific gut microbiota and LUSC risk, highlighting new microbial targets for potential prevention and treatment strategies in lung cancer. Key messages What is already known on this topic? Previous studies have suggested potential links between gut microbiota composition and the development of various cancers, including lung cancer. However, the exact causal relationship between specific gut microbiota and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) has remained unclear. Traditional observational studies have struggled to determine the direction of causality due to confounding factors, making further investigation necessary through more robust methods such as Mendelian randomization (MR). What this study adds? This bidirectional MR study provides novel genetic evidence indicating that certain gut microbiotas are causally associated with LUSC risk. Specifically, Butyricicoccus appears to reduce the risk of LUSC, while Victivallis increases the risk. These findings highlight the role of the gut-lung axis in LUSC and open up new avenues for exploring gut microbiota as potential modulators of lung cancer risk. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy? The implications of this study may significantly influence future research into cancer prevention strategies by targeting gut microbiota. Additionally, it could inform clinical practices aimed at modulating gut microbiota to lower the risk of LUSC, potentially influencing dietary or probiotic interventions to reduce cancer susceptibility. Furthermore, these results might shape public health policies that focus on the gut-lung axis as a novel avenue for cancer prevention and management.
-
Burnout is a prevalent phenomenon in medicine, affecting >50% of physicians and up to 60% of medical residents. This has negative consequences for both doctors' mental health and job satisfaction as well as patient care quality. ⋯ From review of relevant literature and personal reflections/experiences, we identified three key factors that contribute to resident burnout, namely, (i) inherent physician attributes, (ii) mismatched expectations of the medical profession, and (iii) stressful nature of clinical work and residency training for junior physicians. We offer practical strategies that can be implemented by various stakeholders in a concerted manner to target these three areas, namely, to inculcate and foster accurate perception of the medical profession at the outset, develop psychological strength/resilience among medical residents, and make practical improvements to working and training environments.
-
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disease, which has no thoroughly effective or safe treatment. Elevated oxidative stress is a common consequence of chronic inflammatory conditions. ⋯ These findings offered strong support for the identification of GERD treatment targets in the future as well as for the study of the oxidative stress mechanism underlying GERD.
-
The Declaration of Helsinki, established in 1964, remains a foundational document in medical research ethics. This review examines the 2024 revision, endorsed by the 75th World Medical Association (WMA) Assembly, highlighting its impact on modern clinical research. Major updates include the shift from "subjects" to "participants," promoting autonomy and active involvement, and the introduction of dual ethical review requirements for cross-border studies to strengthen accountability. ⋯ In response to global health crises such as COVID-19, the revised Declaration sets forth ethical protections to balance participant safety with research urgency during emergencies. Despite these advances, areas for improvement remain, especially in AI ethics, emergency research protocols, and the extension the Declaration's scope to include forensic and specimen research. The 2024 revision thus strengthens the Declaration's role as an adaptive, relevant framework for safeguarding participant rights and research integrity in a changing landscape.