American journal of public health
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Significant progress has been made in developing the biological, social, and behavioral science base for public health services. But this knowledge will have limited value unless it is transformed into programs and services for the people who need them. The systems and mechanics for this transmutation may not have reached their full potential. Assuring that they do so offers, in the 1990s, a challenge and an opportunity for the public health community.
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We analyzed data from a survey of occupational factors and pregnancy outcome to examine the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption on pregnancy outcome. Clear and statistically significant associations were found between cigarette and alcohol consumption and spontaneous abortion. There was a weaker but statistically significant association with coffee consumption: If the associations were casual, 11% of the spontaneous abortions could be attributed to smoking, 5% to alcohol, and 2% to coffee.