Accident; analysis and prevention
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Pedestrian are vulnerable to severe injury and mortality in the road crashes. Understanding the essence of the pedestrian crash is important to the development of effective safety countermeasures and improvement of social well-being. It is necessary to measure the exposure for the quantification of pedestrian crash risk. ⋯ Additionally, increase in the frequency of pedestrian crash was correlated to the increases in the proportions of children and elderly people. Furthermore, household size, median household income, road density, number of non-signalized intersection as well as number of zebra crossings also significantly affected the pedestrian crash frequency. Findings of this study should be indicative to the development and implementation of effective traffic control and management measures that can improve the pedestrian safety in the long run.
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Adaptive ADAS that adjust warnings according to the driver´s current need for support offer a great potential to increase safety. However, it is crucial to understand how drivers deal with dynamically adapting technologies particularly in situations in which driver state monitoring fails and the system shows unexpected behavior. To better understand the consequences of unreliable adaptive ADAS on safety and to assess how failures of an adaptive FCW influence driving behavior, we conducted a driving simulator study with N = 48 participants. ⋯ In contrast, correctly adapted warnings reduced decrements in brake reaction times and fully offset safety deficits associated with driver distraction. Crucially, however, an effectiveness evaluation of the adaptive system's potential to support drivers when correct warnings were elicited failed to demonstrate a benefit of the adaptive FCW over the non-adaptive FCW. Our results thus emphasize that a high reliability is crucial for adaptive ADAS to improve safety and to prevent adverse effects due to behavioral adaptation.