European journal of clinical pharmacology
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Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. · Sep 2011
Use of prescribed opioid analgesics and co-medication with benzodiazepines in women before, during, and after pregnancy: a population-based cohort study.
The aim of the study was to describe the use of prescribed opioid analgesics for noncancer pain and the degree of possible concurrent co-medication with benzodiazepines to women in Norway before, during, and after pregnancy. ⋯ The use of opioid analgesics in pregnant women in Norway was dominated by treatment of short duration of the weak opioid codeine. As pregnancy proceeded, opioid use was reduced. However, the increase in opioid use during the nursing period has the potential for serious adverse effects.
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Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. · Sep 2011
Population pharmacokinetic modeling of tramadol and its O-desmethyl metabolite in plasma and breast milk.
The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate that nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling can be used to evaluate data from studies of drug transport/excretion into human milk and hence to estimate infant exposure. ⋯ This study demonstrates that a population PK approach with sparse sampling of analytes in milk and plasma can yield quality information about the transfer process and that it also can be used to estimate the extent of infant exposure to maternal drugs via milk.