Anesthesia and analgesia
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 1991
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialMetoclopramide: an analgesic adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia.
This randomized, double-blind trial evaluated the effect of metoclopramide on the pain and analgesic requirements associated with prostaglandin-induced labor for second-trimester termination of pregnancy. After receiving intrauterine prostaglandin, seven women were given intravenous metoclopramide (10 mg), and eight received saline, concurrent with initiation of patient controlled analgesia (PCA). ⋯ We conclude that a single dose of metoclopramide reduces the pain and PCA-morphine requirements of patients undergoing prostaglandin-induced labor and may facilitate passage of the fetus. Metoclopramide may have a similar application in treating other types of gynecologic pain.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 1991
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialPrevention of the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to electroconvulsive therapy: I. Effectiveness of pretreatment regimens on hemodynamics.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) under anesthesia is associated with hypertension and tachycardia. The cardiovascular effects of ECT were studied after pre-treatment of 10 patients with esmolol (1.0 mg/kg), fentanyl (1.5 micrograms/kg), labetalol (0.3 mg/kg), lidocaine (1.0 mg/kg), and saline solution (control), using a double-blind, randomized block-design. Each patient received all five pretreatment regimens over the course of five ECT sessions. ⋯ Compared with saline solution (control), pretreatment with labetalol, fentanyl, or lidocaine significantly reduced seizure duration (P less than 0.05) and increased the frequency with which a second electrical stimulus was required. In contrast, esmolol pretreatment did not significantly affect seizure duration. Esmolol (1 mg/kg), administered 1 min before induction of anesthesia, produced significant amelioration of the cardiovascular response to ECT with minimal effect on seizure duration.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 1991
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialEfficacy of esmolol versus alfentanil as a supplement to propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia.
In 97 outpatients undergoing ambulatory arthroscopic procedures, we compared esmolol with alfentanil when used to supplement propofol-N2O-atracurium anesthesia according to a randomized, double-blind protocol. After an initial intravenous dose of 16 micrograms/kg alfentanil, or 2 mg/kg of esmolol, a variable-rate infusion of alfentanil or esmolol was administered to maintain a stable heart rate. After induction of anesthesia with 2.5 mg/kg of propofol, mean arterial pressure decreased to a larger extent in the alfentanil-treated patients. ⋯ There were no significant differences in the incidences of nausea and vomiting between the two groups. The authors conclude that esmolol may be used in place of alfentanil to supplement propofol-N2O-atracurium anesthesia in outpatients undergoing arthroscopic procedures. However, hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation were larger with esmolol, and avoidance of alfentanil did not decrease the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in this outpatient population.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 1991
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical TrialPatient-controlled epidural analgesia: demand dosing.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to compare the efficacy of demand-dose patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with continuous epidural infusion (CEI) for treatment of pain during labor and delivery. Forty patients were randomized to receive 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl (2 micrograms/mL) through CEI at 12 mL/h or through demand-dose PCEA. Patients using PCEA could demand 3 mL every 10 min without restriction. ⋯ Similar reductions occurred in the use of fentanyl. The reductions in analgesic requirement, however, were not associated with a reduction in the degree of motor blockade or in the cephalad extent of sensory blockade. A significant dose-sparing effect was associated with the use of demand-dose PCEA as compared with standard CEI for analgesia during labor and delivery.
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Anesthesia and analgesia · Nov 1991
Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical TrialVisual assessment of train-of-four and double burst-induced fade at submaximal stimulating currents.
The influence of current intensity on visual assessment of fade in response to train-of-four (TOF) and two modes of double-burst stimulation (DBS) was determined to assess the utility of low-current neurostimulation. Each of 150 sets of assessments (in 51 patients) included a mechanographic TOF at 60 mA followed by visual assessments of TOF, DBS3,3 (two minitetanic bursts of three stimuli each), and DBS3,2 (a burst of three followed by a burst of two impulses) at 20, 30, 50, and 60 mA in random order. For the range of mechanographic TOF ratios between 0.41 and 0.70, visual assessment of TOF fade failed to identify fade in 33%, 36%, 44%, and 58% of cases at 20, 30, 50, and 60 mA, respectively. ⋯ At each current tested, DBS was more sensitive in detecting fade visually than TOF. The accuracy of visual fade detection was not influenced significantly by level of observer training. In conclusion, visual assessment of fade by novice and expert observers is improved by testing at low currents.