Anesthesia and analgesia
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 2009
Multicenter Study Clinical TrialThe effect of residual neuromuscular blockade on the speed of reversal with sugammadex.
Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin compound which encapsulates rocuronium resulting in rapid reversal of residual neuromuscular blockade. We performed a post hoc analysis of data from a multicenter study designed to mimic standard clinical practice which would test the hypothesis that the presence (versus the absence) of a twitch response to neuromuscular stimulation at the time of reversal drug administration would influence the speed and completeness of the reversal effect of sugammadex. ⋯ Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex was influenced by the degree of residual blockade at the time the reversal drug was administered. Despite the wide variability, reversal of the TOF ratio to 0.9 occurred < or = 5 min in more than 80% of the patients regardless of the number of twitches at the time of reversal drug administration.
-
Heart disease is the primary cause of nonobstetric mortality in pregnancy, occurring in 1%-3% of pregnancies and accounting for 10%-15% of maternal deaths. Congenital heart disease has become more prevalent in women of childbearing age, representing an increasing percentage (up to 75%) of heart disease in pregnancy. Untreated maternal heart disease also places the fetus at risk. ⋯ Nonetheless, acceptable maternal and fetal perioperative mortality rates may be achieved through such measures as early preoperative detection of maternal cardiovascular decompensation, use of fetal monitoring, delivery of a viable fetus before the operation and scheduling surgery on an elective basis during the second trimester. Additionally, fetal morbidity may be reduced during cardiopulmonary bypass by optimizing maternal oxygen-carrying capacity and uterine blood flow. Current maternal bypass recommendations include: 1) maintaining the pump flow rate >2.5 L x min(-1) x m(-2) and perfusion pressure >70 mm Hg; 2) maintaining the hematocrit > 28%; 3) using normothermic perfusion when feasible; 4) using pulsatile flow; and 5) using alpha-stat pH management.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 2009
Meta AnalysisMethemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes.
The purpose of this article is to summarize all episodes of local anesthetic-related methemoglobinemia found in the medical literature. ⋯ Benzocaine should no longer be used. Prilocaine should not be used in children younger than 6-mo-old, in pregnant women, or in patients taking other oxidizing drugs. The dose should be limited to 2.5 mg/kg.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 2009
ReviewNoninvasive cardiac output measurement in heart failure subjects on circulatory support.
Pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) thermodilution is commonly used in the perioperative cardiac surgical intensive care unit for measurement and management of central hemodynamics despite questions about effectiveness, difficulty of use, and safety. USCOM is a noninvasive continuous wave Doppler device for direct measurement of cardiac output (CO) and is an alternative to PAC. USCOM validation has predominantly been in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit against PAC, despite the recognized limitations in reliability of the method. We compared USCOM CO measurements with the CardioWest, an orthotopic total artificial heart (TAH), in heart failure (HF) subjects during controlled interventions. ⋯ USCOM is a feasible and accurate method for noninvasive measurement and monitoring of CO in TAH HF patients and may have a wider application in diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease.
-
Anesthesia and analgesia · Mar 2009
An absorbable local anesthetic matrix provides several days of functional sciatic nerve blockade.
Functional blockade of peripheral nerves is the primary objective of local anesthesia, and it is often desirable to have a persistent blockade, sustained throughout and beyond a surgical procedure. Current local anesthetics give effective analgesia for <8-12 h after a single bolus injection. We report on an implantable, controlled-release drug delivery system intended for use in bone and consisting of a Food and Drug Administration-approved matrix containing lidocaine that is capable of local delivery for several days. ⋯ Xybrex is an absorbable, controlled-release drug delivery system that provides several days of analgesia for rat peripheral nerves without apparent significant local neurotoxicity or systemic toxicity.